Lusi Mud volcano, Indonesia

The Lusi Mud volcano in Indonesia came to life on May 29, 2006, hot mud began to pour from the ground near a gas exploration well, covering fields and villages in the Sidoarjo region of East Java, Indonesia.

Despite efforts to staunch the flow, the mud kept coming, forming the world’s largest and fastest growing mud volcano. By the time the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this false-color image on October 20, 2009, the erupting mud truly resembled a volcano.

Walls contain the mudflow to a rectangular region in the center of the image. The landscape beyond the walls is still covered in plants, which are red in this false-color image. Water, usually dark blue in this type of image, is silvery white from reflected sunlight. The bright squares on the right side of the image are shrimp farms, and the ribbon of white along the bottom of the image is the Kali Porong, a river. Reflecting sunlight also colors the outer edges of the mudflow silver and highlights the texture of the growing mound over the vent at the center of the volcano. The mound was not visible in an ASTER image acquired in late 2008.

How Lusi became a Mud volcano in  Indonesia

Called Lusi, the volcano formed suddenly in May 2006 probably because of drilling at the nearby gas well, say scientists from Indonesia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia.

The day before the eruption, pressurized gas and fluid flowed into the well, raising the pressure. The fluid and gas escaped into the surrounding earth, forcing mud to the surface along nearby cracks. As of June 2008, as much as 100,000 cubic meters of mud flowed from the volcano every day. This image shows that the eruption continued into 2009.

Lusi’s formation forced more than 30,000 people from their homes, destroyed more than 10,000 homes, schools, and other structures, and may have a wider impact on coastal and marine ecosystems.

In volcanic regions, mud volcanoes are usually small volcano-shaped cones of mud, usually less than 1-2 m tall as shown in this image. They are built as mud erupts from a vent, either as as a flowing liquid or ejected into the air. The mud is formed as acid gases rise through the crust, react with rock and turn it into clay. The mud is a mixture of clay and groundwater. The mud volcanoes erupt following pressurization from geothermal steam and gases.

Mud volcanoes can also form in non-volcanic areas. They form where subsurface layers of fluidized sediments, like silt and clay, have been pressurized by tectonic activity, such as at the boundaries of the Earth's crustal plates. They can also form by the accumulation of hydrocarbon gases. The pressurized sediment is forced upward, where it erupts on the earth's surface to form conical mounds of mud or even lakes of mud if the eruption lasts long enough. These mud volcanoes are usually erupted at lower temperature and with less associated gas and acid than mud volcanoes in active volcanic regions.

Where you can find out more about the Lusi Mud volcano, Indonesia

1. References

2. Davies, R. J., Brumm, M., Manga, M., Rubiandini, R., Swarbrick, R., Tingay, M. (2008, June 5). The East Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or drilling trigger? Earth and Planetary Science Letters. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.029. Accessed February 3, 2010.
3. Davies, R. (2008, May 28). World’s fastest-growing mud volcano is collapsing. Durham University. Accessed February 3, 2010.
4. center for Remote Imaging, Sensing, and Processing. (2009, December 5). Mud flow in East Java. National University of Singapore. Accessed February 3, 2010.
5. Whitelaw, C. and Sanders, R. (2008, June 9). Javan mud volcano triggered by drilling, not quake. UC Berkley News. Accessed February 3, 2010.

NASA Earth Observatory image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. Caption by Holli Riebeek.

OK thats it for our article on the Lusi Mud volcano, Indonesia

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